Background:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent chronic gastrointestinal disorder causing significant symptoms and complications, with varying prevalence worldwide. It leads to substantial healthcare costs, particularly in the USA. Effective management relies on clear diagnostic evidence from endoscopy or reflux monitoring.

Material and methods:
The Montreal Consensus defines GERD based on symptoms and complications. Diagnosis can be complex, requiring various tools. GERD is categorized into esophageal and extra-esophageal syndromes, influencing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The Polish Society of Gastroenterology emphasizes history, clinical symptoms, and empirical PPI tests, supported by endoscopy, manometry, and pH monitoring.

Results:
Endoscopy is indicated for alarm symptoms or multiple risk factors, identifying hiatal hernias and esophageal inflammation. Manometry evaluates esophageal motor function before anti-reflux surgery, measuring LES pressure to exclude motility disorders.Twenty-four-hour pH monitoring with impedance is considered the gold standard in diagnosing GERD.

Conclusions:
GERD diagnosis and management need symptom assessment, empirical testing, and specific diagnostics like endoscopy, manometry, and pH monitoring for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. These approaches ensure tailored management and improved patient outcomes.